The Feminine in William Butler Yeats Poetry Essay

The Feminine in William Butler Yeats Poetry William Butler Yeats had a long history of involvement with women. He was deeply affected by all types of women; from love interests with Mrs. Olivia Shakespear, Maud Gonne and her adopted daughter Iseult, to a partnership and friendship with Lady Gregory, to marriage with Georgie Hyde-Lees, and finally the birth of his own daughter Anne Yeats. These relationships are reflected in his poetry on many different and multi-layered levels. The mentions of women in his work gives the readers some historical content as well as show the development of his feminine idea. As different as his many relationships with women were, so was his reflection of them in his writing. Yeats took people he†¦show more content†¦He appreciates them in his poem Friends by writing, Now must I these three praise - / Three women that have wrought / What joy is in my days (CP 124). The comparison of his relationship with Maud Gonne to that of his wife, however, reveals something deeper in his poetry. Although with Maud Gonne Yeats experienced repeated rejection, she was his muse and his beloved. Gonne was unattainable and this tortured Yeats: Why should I blame her that she filled my days / With misery (CP 91). He often referred to her as a figure of mythology, usually Helen of Troy; thus creating a mysterious image. Her love was untouchable and her beauty like a tightened bow, a kind / That is not natural. On the other hand, Hyde-Lees did respond to his chivalry and gave him a wife, partner in magical evocations, and hostess to his literary friends (Kline 25). Of which, these being such uninspired things, Yeats could not get from Gonne. Gonne was placed on a pedestal for Yeats to admire and praise while Hyde-Lees became a wife and mother figure that was real and objective. This win/lose situation led to the question: Does the imagination dwell the most / Upon a woman won or a woman lost? (CP 195). Kline comments, The woman lost fascinates the imagination as symbol of all that is lost or elusive or unrealized as the woman won cannot (25). Therefore Gonne remained a mystery, while the woman won (Hyde-Lees) lent little to his creativityShow MoreRelatedAnalysis on To Ireland in the Coming Times1608 Words   |  7 PagesComing Times† Yeats is known as an influential poet of the 20th century. His love and affection for Ireland and his people can be seen in many of his poems. In â€Å"To Ireland in the coming times† Yeats passion for Ireland and the revolution against Britain at the time can be seen in his writing. Ireland was undergoing a transition from a nation under British rule to a nation of its own with an identity. Many poets, Yeats included, helped fuel this revolution through their writing. Yeats theme throughRead MoreAnalysis Of A Prayer For My Daughter1299 Words   |  6 PagesConsider most to magnify, or to bless, But take our greatness with bitterness? (Yeats 110). As David A. Ross writes in his book, Critical Companion to William Butler Yeats: A Literary Reference to His Life and Work, ancestral houses were â€Å"perpetual symbols of tradition, ceremony, and aristocratic strength of character† (Ross 45) for Yeats. The anxieties about his ancestral line and preservation of high culture that plagued Yeats in his later years are best illustrated in the poem, â€Å"A Prayer for My DaughterRead More Life of the Soul Revealed in Sailing to Byzantium and Shadows2598 Words   |  11 Pagesof the soul. Both William Butler Yeats and David Herbert Lawrence take the latter view in their respective poems, Sailing to Byzantium and Shadows. By viewing death as a continuation of their soul’s life in a different realm of being, they provide a comforting solution to the fear that death may be the end of their existence. In W.B. Yeats’ Sailing to Byzantium and D.H. Lawrences Shadows, death is addressed from the viewpoint of one preparing for its eminent arrival; Yeats, however, expressesRead MoreLiterary Group in British Poetry5631 Words   |  23 PagesThe history of English poetry stretches from the middle of the 7th century to the present day. Over this period, English poets have written som e of the most enduring poems in Western culture, and the language and its poetry have spread around the globe. Consequently, the term English poetry is unavoidably ambiguous. It can mean poetry written in England, or poetry written in the English language. The earliest surviving poetry was likely transmitted orally and then written down in versions that doRead MoreThe Sonnet Form: William Shakespeare6305 Words   |  26 PagesShakespeare’s Sonnets William Shakespeare The Sonnet Form A sonnet is a fourteen-line lyric poem, traditionally written in iambic pentameter—that is, in lines ten syllables long, with accents falling on every second syllable, as in: â€Å"Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?† The sonnet form first became popular during the Italian Renaissance, when the poet Petrarch published a sequence of love sonnets addressed to an idealized woman named Laura. Taking firm hold among Italian poets, the sonnetRead MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagesother authors may begin at the end and then, having intrigued and captured us, work backward to the beginning and then forward again to the middle. In still other cases, the chronology of plot may shift backward and forward in time, as for example in William Faulkner’s A Rose for Emily, where the author deliberately sets aside the chronological ordering of events and their cause/effect relationship in order to establish an atmosphere of unreal ity, build suspense and mystery, and underscore Emily Grierson’sRead MoreVictorian Novel9605 Words   |  39 Pagessociety were equal to the changes in the novel. Themes like sea adventures after Napoleonic Wars, concerns with Ireland, rural people, nostalgia for country in urban England, fashionable London life, appeared in the novels of Frederick Marryat, William Carleton, Samuel Lower, Robert Surtees, Mrs Gore, Lady Blessington and even Charles Dickens. Despite many changes, the novel remained as the invariable centre of the contemporary debate. The next important factor of the development of ‘Victorian period’

Subjugation of Freedom in One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest

The Subjugation of Freedom in One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest Ken Kesey’s book, One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, is a multi-faceted work incorporating many thematic elements. One of the most easily addressable themes is that of freedom and its limitations placed upon the characters in the novel. Many types of freedoms are addressed ranging from the tangible and real to the perceived and implied. The setting primarily takes place in a mental hospital on a locked ward which limits the characters’ physical freedoms. The characters are constantly coerced and demeaned by the antagonist Ms. Ratched which limits their mental freedoms. Beneath all is a subtext of sexual repression which is constantly fought against by McMurphy. Individually,†¦show more content†¦Sex is used in the novel as a representation of total freedom. Its exercise is almost always portrayed by McMurphy who, through his general demeanor and newness to the hospital, is the most fr ee, sexually, of any of the men. He is so free, that it has gotten him into trouble as he only seems to be able to act on impulse. Society is not able to deal with his complete abandon and he is eventually punished for it by having a piece of his brain removed. The rest of the men are all repressed mostly due to some problem they’ve had with the women in their lives. In fact, it is their inability to deal with women that brought them to the hospital in the first place. Women are portrayed throughout the book as the root of all men’s problems. Nurse Ratched is the penultimate figure of sexual repression. She does not acknowledge her femininity but hides it successfully, but for her bosom, beneath her sterile, pressed uniform. She is cold toward the men offering no real compassion and serves only to aggravate the men’s issues with women in general. Her power is finally stripped from her, quite literally, when McMurphy rips open her uniform revealing her breasts, the symbol of femininity; she is a woman after all. Limiting or removing freedom boils down to control. Those who restrict freedoms wish to exercise control upon those whose freedoms have been infringed. In the story, the restriction of all freedoms isShow MoreRelatedGender And Gender Roles : The Black Boys2966 Words   |  12 Pagesend of the Sixties, more than 80 percent of wives of childbearing age were using contraception after the federal government in 1960 approved a birth control pill. This freed many women from unwanted pregnancy and gave them many more choices, and freedom, in their personal lives’ . Plath and McEwan depict women as inferior yet not muted to patriarchy. Kesey on the other hand, places women at the head of social hierarchy. Feminist, Toril Moi asserts that the text-based methodology of French feminism

Dialectical Pluralism on Metaphysical Philosophy Free Essays

Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy responsible for the study of existence. It is the foundation of a worldview. Metaphysical Philosophy is marked out by two types of inquiry. We will write a custom essay sample on Dialectical Pluralism on Metaphysical Philosophy or any similar topic only for you Order Now The first aims to be the most general investigation possible into the nature of reality: are there principles applying to everything that is real, to all that is? – if we abstract from the particular nature of existing things that which distinguishes them from each other, what can we know about them merely in virtue of the fact that they exist? The second type of inquiry seeks to uncover what is ultimately real, frequently offering answers in sharp contrast to our everyday experience of the world. The two questions are not the same, since someone quite unworried by the possibility that the world might really be otherwise than it appears might still be engaged by the question of whether there were any general truths applicable to all existing things. But although different, the questions are related: one might well expect a philosopher’s answer to the first to provide at least the underpinnings of their answer to the second. Aristotle proposed the first of these investigations. He called it ‘first philosophy’, sometimes also ‘the science of being’ (more-or-less what ‘ontology’ means); but at some point in antiquity his writings on the topic came to be known as the ‘metaphysics’ – from the Greek for ‘after natural things’, that is, what comes after the study of nature. This is as much as we know of the origin of the word. Metaphysics is the foundation of philosophy. Without an explanation or an interpretation of the world around us, we would be helpless to deal with reality. We could not feed ourselves, or act to preserve our lives. The degree to which our metaphysical worldview is correct is the degree to which we are able to comprehend the world, and act accordingly. Without this firm foundation, all knowledge becomes suspect. Any flaw in our view of reality will make it more difficult to live. Dialectical Pluralism, in philosophy, theory that considers the universe explicable in terms of many principles or composed of many ultimate substances. It describes no particular system and may be embodied in such opposed philosophical concepts as materialism and idealism. Empedocles, G. W. von Leibniz, William James, and Bertrand Russel are among the philosophers generally considered as pluralistic. Pluralism is opposed to monism and dualism. A complex situation involves a plurality of ontological kinds, and so invites the name â€Å"pluralism†. If some form of pluralism is true, then none of the standard â€Å"isms† stands a chance of coming to grips with the actual relationship between mind and physical world. The orthodox mind-body debate, attempting to force a complex situation into simple moulds, would be forever doomed to failure. The four assumptions dictate a certain limited range of basic options, and eventually every option in that range would have been tried; stagnation and regressive oscillation would then be the natural result. In the long run, participants would have no choice but to embrace anomaly or admit defeat. Dogged insistence on working within the orthodox framework would result in little but baroque encrustations of irrelevant detail. In short, if pluralism were true, we would expect to see exactly the kinds of problems that have in fact been afflicting the mind-body debate. This constitutes a prima facie case for rejecting the four assumptions and embracing a pluralist orientation. Pluralism is perfectly consistent with a hard-nosed realism which divorces the question of what kinds of mental entities in fact exist from the question of how we talk about people and what concepts we may have. A realist pluralism of this kind does not try to read ontological commitments directly off our current language or concepts. It is perfectly willing to allow that folk discourses and folk concepts are inadequate to the ontological structure of mental reality. Distinctions built into ordinary ways of talking need not reflect deep ontological distinctions, and there may be ontological differences among kinds of mental entities to which folk talk is entirely oblivious. How to cite Dialectical Pluralism on Metaphysical Philosophy, Papers

Factors Influencing Implementation of CSR Activities

Question: Discuss about the Factors Influencing Implementation of Corporate Social Responsibility Activities. Answer: Introduction The main topic for the research is Factors influencing implementation of Corporate Social Responsibility activities in an organisation. The overall research mainly depicts that external activities of a firm influences its CSR. Furthermore, the implementation of CSR activities mainly ensure customer on the high quality services and products provided by the company. The CSR activities are mainly responsible for improving the performance of employee by implementing effective measures. Furthermore, CSR is mainly conducted for community views, non-monetary services, and environmental conservation. The activities of the CSR mainly allow companies for achieving moral, business ethics, economic and the legal responsibilities. Furthermore, with the help of CSR activities companies are mainly able to maintain the motivational level and improve its productivity. Literature Review: The researcher in this section mainly depicts the significance and use of Corporate Social Responsibility activities conducted by companies in Australia. Furthermore, several journal and model is mainly used in the research for identifying the connection with the deified objectives. In the current era CSR activities in is essential for all the companies, as it help in improving the sustainability of resources and reducing the damages conducted to the environment. The awareness conducted for CSR activities has led to the adoption of effective CSR policy by companies in Australia. However, awareness of the CSR activities is effective but the use is still not seen in major companies. This reduced usage of CSR activities due to its impact on profitability. Bunlueng, Butcher and Fredline (2015) mentioned that strict implementation of CSR activities mainly increase extra cost and reduces profitability of the company. Nevertheless, Supanti, Butcher and Fredline (2014) stated that companies by using the CSR activities is able to reduce the negative impact on environment and improve its sustainability measures. Figure 1: Depicting the significance of CSR activities (Source: accsr.com.au 2017) With the help of figure 1, relative responses from companies regarding the impact of CSR on their performance could be identified. Moreover, maximum of the respondents mainly state that inclusion of CSR activities in the business is mainly helpful in improving the brand image and customer base. Furthermore, use of CSR has also helped in innovating new ways, which promote ethical business activities of the organisation. Hosoda and Suzuki (2015) stated that governments have mainly focused in increasing the impact of CSR activities in organisations for reducing the environmental damages. The research conducted by accsr mainly indicates that companies are aware of the CSR activities, but have still not implemented the rules in the daily operations. Yap and Labangon (2015) criticises that CSR activities mainly loses its fiction during an economic crises, as focal point of the organisation is to make profit. Figure 2: Depicting the expected CSR activities (Source: accsr.com.au 2017) The above-depicted figure mainly states the minimum CSR activities, which needs to be conducted by all the relevant sectors. Moreover, the depicted CSR activities of all sectors could be helpful in improving the living standards of the society and reduce the negative impact on environment. Government CSR activities is to reduce the negative impact on natural resources extractions, which could help in conserving the environment. The civil society and education system main role is to provide security and education of the citizens for improving their intellect. Mostafa et al. (2016) stated that CSR activities mainly help in improving living standard of citizens and in turn provide high products to the society. The CSR activities in Australia have certain loopholes, which could be addressed by companies to improve their ethical state. In addition, the progress in current CSR in the last decade has been slow, while the awareness is effectively circulated among companies. The CSR activity is still conducted for reputation and brand, which should be conducted to improve environmental sustainability. Furthermore, with the implementation of CSR activities organisations are mainly implementing stakeholder engagement and community investment. Mayes, McDonald and Pini (2014) argued that reinvestment in community mainly reduces ability of the organisation to increase return from investment. Furthermore, the implementation of CSR is considered for being costly endeavour, as restrictions in resource usage and increment benefits to employee could be seen. The CSR main motive is to improve the overall quality of living, while reducing the negative impact on environment. However, this mainly conflicts with the company policy of making higher profits by reducing the expenditure. Bhaduri and Selarka (2016) mentioned that CSR activities could only be improved if effective training is conducted on the management and employees of the organisation. Moreover, for implementing the CSR activities adequate structure needs to be changed, which might help in improving its competitive edge. The CSR activities could lose its friction if management involvement is not taken into consideration. In addition, manager supports large factors, which enable ethical CSR activities in an organisation. Moreover, development of effective CSR plan could only be conducted with the help of a manager, who understands the activities and guidance of Corporate Social Responsibility. Organisations with implementing management support for employees are able to improve measures, which could increase community assist plan within the company (Richards et al. 2015). However, the consent of the directors is essential, as the activities may be obstructed from being implemented in the company. However, the forceful implementation of government for using CSR activities in an organisation has mainly helped in developing an effective CSR plan. The government effectively bards organisations from using natural resources, which does not comply with the CSR rules. Moreover, the evaluation of previous literature has mainly helped in identifying the factors, which affect the implementation of CSR activities (Basu et al. 2015). Financial factors, management support, governmental support and the skill of the employees are mainly considered to be the major factors hindering implementation of CSR activities in an organisation. The identified factors are mainly essential, as might help organisation to implement the CSR activities. The overall aim of the researcher is for identifying the factors influencing implementation of CSR activities, which could help Australian companies for effectively adopting CSR in their operations. The identified factors could play a vital role for improving the status of CSR activities, which might satisfy the social needs. Supanti, Butcher and Fredline (2015) mentioned that increased implementation of CSR activities mainly help in improving motivation level of employees and in turn increase employs work quality. Problem Statement: The corporate social responsibility mainly allows in reducing the social community disturbance, which might have an adverse affect on profitability of the organisation. Furthermore, the research mainly aims in identifying the impact of CSR activities on social and community presence of the organisation. Moreover, the study effectively aims in highlighting the impact of Corporate Social responsibility on performance of the organisation. CSR activities are mainly identified for increasing the expenses of the company and reduce the negative impact on environment. However, adoption of effective CSR activities mainly allows companies to improve their current production process and increase demand for products. Research Question: The research questions mainly focus on identifying the factors influencing the corporate social responsibility program of a firm. The questions mainly reflect the overall problem statement, which might help in collecting relative data for the research. What is the impact of financial factors on the corporate social responsibility program of a firm? How does management support have impact on the corporate social responsibility program of a firm? What impact does government policy have on formulation of the corporate social responsibility program in a firm? Do the skills of the workers reflect on the efficiency of corporate social responsibility program in a firm? Research Methodologies and Technologies: The research methodology and technology section mainly depicts the relevant techniques, which will be used by the researcher in the study. These methodologies are mainly used in detecting the accurate outcome of the research. Firstly, the researcher will mainly use the positivism and descriptive techniques in the research. The use of positivism technique is mainly helpful in evaluating the qualitative data collected by the researcher. Furthermore, the researcher will be collecting both qualitative and quantitative data, which could help in depicting the impact of CSR activities on performance of the organisation (Takhar-Lai and Ghorbani 2015). The researcher will be using deductive approach as only primary data is been used by the researcher. Moreover, the primary data is mainly chosen from different managers of the separate organisation. This method could mainly help in depicting the accurate impact of CSR activities on performance of the company. There will be no secondary data used in the research, as it might not help in depicting the impact on performance of the organisation. Furthermore, the researcher will mainly use deductive approach, as now new models are to be created. The use of deductive approach mainly indicates that predefined model and techniques will mainly be used in research for detecting authentic outcome (McNely, Spinuzzi and Teston 2015). The deductive approach will mainly be used on the primary data collected by the researcher, which could in turn help getting the required outcome to support the research objectives. Moreover, the researcher mainly aims in using descriptive cross sectional research technology during the data collection process. Furthermore, the researcher mainly uses simple random sampling method for collecting the relevant data from employees of the organisation. Furthermore, the sampling method will mainly be used on employees who are having more than 1 year of experience in the organisation. Both survey questionnaires and interview will mainly be conducted on the employee for collecting the relevant data, which might be used in improving impact of CSR activities (Somoray and Wishart 2016). The researcher will mainly use the liker scale method in collecting the relevant data, which might support activities of the study. Stating Gantt Chart and Milestone of the Research: Figure 1: Stating the Gantt chart and Milestone of the research (Source: As created by the author) Research Process: mainly takes around 3 days for selecting the adequate topic for research. This phase mainly provides the justification for relevant choice of the topic, which could be used in the overall study. The second stage mainly depicts the relevant literature review, which could be used in depicting the impact of corporate social responsibility on financial performance of companies. In addition, this stage will mainly take around 8 days, as the researcher will evaluate relevant journals and articles. Moreover, the third phase mainly depicts the choice of relevant methodologies, which could help the researcher in getting adequate outcomes. In addition, this stage will mainly take around 4 days, as adequate techniques used in the evaluation and collection process of the research could be identified. Furthermore, fourth stage mainly depicts the accumulation of relevant data, which could be used in the research for effectively deriving the relevant outcomes. The fourth stage will mainly take around 14 days, as the relevant data will be collected from adequate respondents. Moreover, the fifth stage mainly states the data interpretation, analysis, and evaluation of the results. This stage will mainly take around 10 days, as data collected will need adequate interpretation. Furthermore, sixth phase mainly states the conclusion and recommendation, which will be provided by the researcher. This phase will take around 5 days, as the researcher needs to conclude the overall study and recommend adequate steps for improving CSR activities of the organisation. Moreover, project draft submission will take around 2 days and printing will take around 1 day. The last phase is mainly to print the research and submit it the relevant authorities. Methods for Collecting and Analysing Data for the Research: The researcher will mainly distribute the overall questionnaires among employee of different organisation. This method could help the researcher in collecting relevant data from both CSR enabled and non-enabled organisations. Moreover, the use of stratified random sampling is mainly used in choosing the relevant respondents for the research. The use of primary data is mainly efficient in providing adequate results of the research, which might help in authenticating the research work (Koro-Ljungberg 2015). The researcher mainly uses adequate graphs and bar charts for depicting the collected under quantitative method. However, for qualitative data the researcher will mainly use descriptive analysis in depicting the responses provided by the respondents. Moreover, the use of mean, median and SD will be conducted for quantitative data, which could be calculated by using excel functions (Ozerdem and Bowd 2016). Furthermore, regression analysis will also be conducted by the researcher on quantitative data for supporting hypothesis of the research. Furthermore, the responses collected by the researcher could be evaluated with the help of adequate correlation method. This correlation method could allow the researcher in detecting the impact of CSR activities on performance of the company. Smyth (2016) mentioned that with the use of statistical tools researchers are mainly able to provide adequate illustration of the adequate data collected in the research. Furthermore, the regression analysis could help the researcher in depicting the impact of CSR activities in improving performance of the company. Moreover, descriptive analysis could effectively help in stating the views of managers on impact of CSR activities. Expected Research Outcome: This section of the study is mainly anticipated to provide the positive research outcome, which might help in depicting the impact of CSR activities on performance of organisations. Furthermore, adequate factors from the research could be identified, which influences the implementation of CSR activities. Moreover, the contribution of literature review could be evaluated for depicting the significance of CSR for improving performance and social image of companies. In addition, the researcher with the help of the study could identify the relevant factors, which mainly motivate the organisations for implementing CSR activities. The identified factors could be used as an effective agenda, which could help future organisations in implementing the CSR activities and reduce the environmental damages. Companies to maintain the level of ethical operations, which are depicted by society, could be identified with the help of the research outcome. The researcher could effectively signify the factors influencing implementation of Corporate Social Responsibility activities in an organisation. Conclusion: The above discussion mainly states the impact of factors influencing implementation of Corporate Social Responsibility activities in an organisation. Moreover, the researcher for steering the overall research mainly uses questionnaires and interview for collecting the relevant data from respondents. The respondents are mainly selected for detecting the relevant impact of CSR activities for improving performance of the company. CSR activities in the current era are an effective measure, which are used by companies for ethically conducting their operations and increase popularity in society. The researcher mainly aims in elaborating the impact of CSR activities for improving financial performance of the company. References accsr.com.au. (2017). [online] ACCSR. Available at: https://accsr.com.au/what-we-do/csr-resources/csr-research/ [Accessed 20 Feb. 2017]. Basu, P.K., Hicks, J., Krivokapic-Skoko, B. and Sherley, C., 2015. Mining operations and corporate social responsibility: A case study of a large gold mine in regional Australia.The Extractive Industries and Society,2(3), pp.531-539. Bhaduri, S.N. and Selarka, E., 2016. Corporate Governance and Corporate Social ResponsibilityIntroduction. InCorporate Governance and Corporate Social Responsibility of Indian Companies(pp. 1-10). Springer Singapore. Bunlueng, H., Butcher, K.J. and Fredline, L., 2015, May. Local Communities Perceptions of Hotel Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Activities: The Influences of the Community Orientation of Hotel Owners. https://www. gradtourismconference. org/? pnum= 15pt= PREVIOUS+ CONFERENCES. Devin, B., 2016. Half-truths and dirty secrets: Omissions in CSR communication.Public Relations Review,42(1), pp.226-228. Garca?Snchez, I.M. and Garca?Meca, E., 2017. CSR Engagement and Earnings Quality in Banks. The Moderating Role of Institutional Factors.Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management. Gray, G.L., Yoon, K., No, W.G. and Roebuck, P., 2015. Comparing the Attitudes and Activities of Internal Auditors in Australia, Canada, and the United States Regarding Green IT. Hosoda, M. and Suzuki, K., 2015. Using Management Control Systems to Implement CSR Activities: An Empirical Analysis of 12 Japanese Companies.Business Strategy and the Environment,24(7), pp.628-642. Koro-Ljungberg, M., 2015.Reconceptualizing qualitative research: Methodologies without methodology. SAGE Publications. Mayes, R., McDonald, P. and Pini, B., 2014. Ourcommunity: corporate social responsibility, neoliberalisation, and mining industry community engagement in rural Australia.Environment and Planning A,46(2), pp.398-413. McNely, B., Spinuzzi, C. and Teston, C., 2015. Contemporary research methodologies in technical communication.Technical Communication Quarterly,24(1), pp.1-13. Mostafa, R.B., Mostafa, R.B., ElSahn, F. and ElSahn, F., 2016. Exploring the mechanism of consumer responses to CSR activities of Islamic banks: The mediating role of Islamic ethics fit.International Journal of Bank Marketing,34(6), pp.940-962. zerdem, A. and Bowd, R., 2016.Participatory research methodologies: Development and post-disaster/conflict reconstruction. Routledge. Richards, Z., Thomas, S.L., Randle, M. and Pettigrew, S., 2015. Corporate Social Responsibility programs of Big Food in Australia: a content analysis of industry documents.Australian and New Zealand journal of public health,39(6), pp.550-556. Smyth, M., 2016. Reconceptualizing Qualitative Research: Methodologies without Methodology, by Mirka Koro-Ljungberg: (2015). London: Sage. Somoray, K. and Wishart, D., 2016. Review of research methodologies in investigating work-related driving behaviour. Supanti, D., Butcher, K. and Fredline, L., 2014, July. Understanding Managers' Engagement with Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in the Thai Hotel Sector. InProceedings of the International Association for Business and Society(Vol. 25, pp. 91-96). Supanti, D., Butcher, K. and Fredline, L., 2015. Enhancing the employer-employee relationship through corporate social responsibility (CSR) engagement.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,27(7), pp.1479-1498. Takhar-Lail, A. and Ghorbani, A., 2015. Market Research Methodologies: Multi-Method and Qualitative. Yap, J.M. and Labangon, D.L.G., 2015. Embedding Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Activities in an Academic Library: Highlights on the Social Aspects of the Human Library.PAARL, p.14

Scope of Financial Management free essay sample

Financial Management can be defined as:The management of the finances of a business / organisation in order to achieve financial objectives. Taking a commercial business as the most common organisational structure, the key objectives of financial management would be tocreate wealth for the business ,generate cash, andprovide an adequate return on investment bearing in mind the risks that the business is taking and the resources invested. There are three key elements to the process of financial management: Financial Planning Financial Control Financial Decision-making Meaning and Defination Meaning of Financial Management Financial Management is that specialised function of general management which is related to the procurement of finance and its effective utilisation for the achievement of common goal of the organisation. It includes each and every aspect of financial activity in the business. Financial Management has been defined differently by different scholars. A few of the definitions are being reproduced below:- â€Å"Financial Management is an area of financial decision making harmonizing individual motives and enterprise goals. We will write a custom essay sample on Scope of Financial Management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page †- Weston and Brigam. Financial Management is the application of the planning and control functions to the finance function. †- Howard and Upton. â€Å"Financial Management is the operational activity of a business that is responsible for obtaining and effectively, utilizing the funds necessary for efficient operations. †- Joseph and Massie. From the above definitions, it is clear that financial management is that specialised activity which is responsible for obtaining and affectively utilizing the funds for the efficient functioning of the business and, therefor, it includes financial planning, financial administration and financial control. According to me, â€Å" Financial Management is a system in which rotate planning , control and decision making. †-chudasama sulochanaba Objectives of Finance Function For optimum financial decisions, the objectives of financial management shall be clearly defined. They should be so laid down that they contribute directly towards the achievement of overall business objectives. Objectives provide a normative framework within which a firm is to take decisions. Financing is the functional area of objective of the business and contribute directly towards it. The main objectives of a business are survival and growth. In order to survive ups and downs in the business, the business must earn sufficient profits and it should also maintain proper relations with shareholders, customers, suppliers and other social groups. The financial management of an organisation must seek to achieve the following objectives: †¢To ensure adequate and regular supply of funds. †¢To provide a fair rate of return to the suppliers of capital viz. shareholders. †¢To ensure effective utilization of funds by maintaining proper balance between profitability, liquidity and safety. to generate and build up sufficient surplus for expansion and growth through ploughing back of profits. †¢To minimize cost of capital by developing a sound capital between various securities issued by the company. †¢To coordinate the activities of the finance department with the activities of other departments in the organisation. Scope of Functions of Financial Manag ement The finance department of an enterprise performs several functions in order to achieve the above objectives. The scope of finance function is very wide. It consists of the following activities: 1. Estimating the Requirement of Funds :- The finance department must estimate the capital requirements of the firm accurately for long term and short term needs. In estimating the capital requirements of the business, the finance department must take help of the budgets of various activities of the business e. g. sales budget, production budget, expenses budget etc. prepared by the concerned departments. In the initial stage, the estimate is done by promoters but in a growing concern, it is done by the finance department. Unless the financial forecast is correct, business is likely to run into difficulties due to excess or shortage of funds. Correct estimates ensure the availability of funds as and when they are needed. In estimating the requirement of funds, nature and size of the business, modernization and expansion plan should be given due consideration. 2. Determining the Capital Structure :- By capital structure we mean the kind and proportion of different securities for raising the required funds. Once the total requirement of funds is etermined, a decision regarding the type of securities to be issued and the relative proportion between them is to be taken. The finance department must determine the proper mix of debt and equity. It should also decide the ratio between long term and short term debts. In determining these ratios, cost of raising finance from different sources, period for which funds are required and several other factors should be considered. A proper balance between risk and re turns should be maintained. Choice of Sources of Finance:- A company can raise funds from different sources e. g. hareholders, debenture holders, banks, financial institutions, public deposits etc. Before raising the funds, it has to decide the source from which the funds are to be raised. The choice of the source of finance should be made very carefully by taking a number of factors into account such as cost of raising funds, conditions attached, charge on assets, burden of fixed charges, dilution of ownership and control etc. For example, if the company does not want to dilute the ownership, it will depend on any source of finance other than investment in shares. 4. Investment of Funds:- The funds raised from different sources should be prudently invested in various assets -short term as well as long term to optimize the return on investment. In taking decisions for the investment of long term funds, a careful assessment of various alternatives should be made through capital budgeting, opportunity cost analysis and many other techniques used to evaluate the investment proposals. A part of the long term funds should be invested in working capital of the company. While taking decision for the investment of funds in long term assets, management should be guided by three basic principles, viz. afety, profitability and liquidity. In taking decisions for the investment of funds in working capital, the finance manager must seek cooperation of marketing and production departments in estimating the funds which are to be involved in carrying of inventories in finished product and credit policy of the marketing department and in raw material and factory supplies of the production department. 5. Management of Cash:- It is the prime responsibility of the finance manager to see that an adequate supply of cash is available at proper time for the smooth running of the business. Cash is needed to purchase raw materials, pay off creditors, to pay to workers and to meet the day to day expenses of the business. Availability of cash is necessary to maintain liquidity and credit- worthiness of the business. Excess cash must be avoided as it costs money. It there is any cash in excess, it should be invested in near cash assets such as investments etc. which may be converted into cash within no time. A cash flow statement should be prepared by the department to know the correct need of cash is essential to achieve the goal of profitability and liquidity. The finance manager should decide in advance how much cash he should retain to meet current obligations of the company. 6. Disposal of Surplus:- One of the prime function of the finance department is to allocate the surplus. After paying all taxes, the available surplus of the business can be allocated for three purposes -(a) for paying dividend to the shareholders as a return on their investment, (b) for distributing bonus to workmen and companys contribution to other profit sharing plans, and (c) for ploughing back of profits for the expansion of business. As far as the second alternative is concerned, the amount to be paid to workers is generally fixed either by statute or by agreement and therefore, there is no problem in allocating surplus for this purpose. But a considerable, attention is to be paid in so far as first and third alternatives are concerned i. e. , how much to be paid to shareholders as dividend and how much to be retained in the business. For this purpose factors like the trend of the earning of the company, trend of the market price of its shares; the requirement of funds for the purpose of expansion and future prospects should be considered. . Financial Controls:- The financial manager is under an obligation to check the financial performance of the funds invested in the business. There are a number of techniques to evaluate the performance viz. Return on Investment (ROI), budgetary control, cost control, internal audit, ratio analysis and break-even point analysis. The financial manager must lay emphasis on financ ial planning as well. Importance of financian management Importance of finance cannot be over-emphasised. It is, indeed, the key to successful business operations. Without proper administration of finance, no business enterprise can reach its full potentials for growth and success. Money is a universal lubricant which keeps the enterprise dynamic-develops product, keeps men and machines at work, encourages management to make progress and creates values. The importance of financial administration can be discussed under the following heads (i) success of Promotion Depends on Financial Administration:- One of the most important reasons of failures of business promotions is a defective financial plan. If the plan adopted fails to provide sufficient capital to meet the requirement of fixed and fluctuating capital an particularly, the latter, or it fails to assume the obligations by the corporations without establishing earning power, the business cannot be carried on successfully. Hence sound financial plan is very necessary for the success of business enterprise. (ii) Smooth Running of an Enterprise:- Sound Financial planning is necessary for the smooth running of an enterprise. Money is to an enterprise, what oil is to an engine. As, Finance is required at each stage f an enterprise, i. e. promotion, incorporation, development, expansion and administration of day-to-day working etc. , proper administration of finance is very necessary. Proper financial administration means the study, analysis and evaluation of all financial problems to be faced by the management and to take proper decision with reference to the present circumstances in regard to the procurement and utilisation of funds. (iii) Financial Administration Co-ordinates Various Functional Activities:- Financial administration provides complete co-ordination between various functional areas such as marketing, production etc. o achieve the organisational goals. If financial management is defective, the efficiency of all other departments can, in no way, be maintained. For example, it is very necessary for the finance-department to provide finance for the purchase of raw materials and meting the other day-to-day expenses for the smooth running of the production unit. If financial department fails in its obligations, the Production and the sales will suffer and consequently, the income of the concern and the rate of profit on investment will also suffer. Thus Financial administration occupies a central place in the business organisation which controls and co-ordinates all other activities in the concern. (iv) Focal Point of Decision Making:- Almost, every decision in the business is take in the light of its profitability. Financial administration provides scientific analysis of all facts and figures through various financial tools, such as different financial statements, budgets etc. , which help in evaluating the profitability of the plan in the given circumstances, so that a proper decision can be taken to minimise the risk involved in the plan. v) Determinant of Business Success:- It has been recognised, even in India that the financial manger splay a very important role in the success of business organisation by advising the top management the solutions of the various financial problems as experts. They present important facts and figures regarding financial position an the performance of various functions of the company in a giv en period before the top management in such a way so as to make it easier for the top management to evaluate the progress of the company to amend suitably the principles and policies of the company. The financial manges assist the top management in its decision making process by suggesting the best possible alternative out of the various alternatives of the problem available. Hence, financial management helps the management at different level in taking financial decisions. (vi) Measure of Performance:- The performance of the firm can be measured by its financial results, i. e, by its size of earnings Riskiness and profitability are two major factors which jointly determine the value of the concern. Financial decisions which increase risks will decrease the value of the firm and on the to the hand, financial decisions which increase the profitability will increase value of the firm. Risk an profitability are two essential ingredients of a business concern. Conclusion:- In short Financial Management is very important for any business. If we want to fully use our money we have to implement financial management in our business . e can see the importance of financial management from success of promotion depends on financial administration, smooth running of an enterprise, focal point of decision making, financial administration co-ordinates various functional activities, determinant of business success, measure of performance.

Answers to Questions About Punctuation

Answers to Questions About Punctuation Answers to Questions About Punctuation Answers to Questions About Punctuation By Mark Nichol Here are a few questions from readers about the use of various forms of punctuation, followed by my responses. 1. In the following sentence, how do you separate the statement from the description, â€Å"A system of aligned chambers supports anaerobic digestion, a biological process that happens naturally when bacteria breaks down organic matter,† or â€Å"A system of aligned chambers supports anaerobic digestion; a biological process that happens naturally when bacteria breaks down organic matter†? The first sentence is correct: A term’s definition is set off from the term by a comma. (The definition is a form of appositive, an alternative way of naming something, just as in â€Å"The boy, a fifth grader at the school, was not injured.†) A semicolon is appropriate only if what follows it could stand on its own as a complete sentence, as in â€Å"A system of aligned chambers supports anaerobic digestion; this is a biological process that happens naturally when bacteria breaks down organic matter.† 2. I avoid the serial comma whenever possible i.e., in cases where there is no ambiguity because I prefer not to have comma-heavy sentences.   However, when it is necessary, I bend my rule and use it to remove any ambiguity. Would this be considered inconsistent style (for writing and editing)? It’s correct, if you generally avoid using serial commas, to omit a serial comma for â€Å"a, b and c† constructions but make an exception to insert one for clarity in â€Å"a, b, and c and d† constructions. That’s consistent usage and it’s approved of by The Associated Press Stylebook and other guides that recommend omitting the serial comma in simple in-line lists as long as you always omit it in the first case and always insert it in the second case. (It would be inconsistent only if you varied between â€Å"a, b and c† and â€Å"a, b, and c.†) But I think it’s better to simply always, always, use a serial comma, as The Chicago Manual of Style and many other guides recommend. 3. In the sentence â€Å"Do you employ a serial comma the final comma in a sentence such as ‘I bought one apple, two bananas, and three oranges’?† you have your punctuation (question mark) outside the quotes. That’s not intentional, right? Question marks and exclamation points are located either within quotation marks or outside them based on whether the quoted material is a question or an exclamation or the framing sentence is a question or an exclamation. In the sentence, â€Å"I bought one apple, two bananas, and three oranges† is not a question; it is positioned within a sentence that is a question: â€Å"Do you employ a serial comma . . . ?† Therefore, the question mark should follow the close quotation mark. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Slang Terms for MoneyCannot or Can Not?Threw and Through

Cancer and Nutrition Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Cancer and Nutrition - Research Paper Example A variety of fruits and vegetables need to be added to once diet and it is good to select these fruits and vegetables based on different color. Different phytonutrients are present in fruits and vegetable with different color and a variety based on this criterion would be easy for identification by a layman. A diet that has high fiber food such as whole wheat, a balanced ratio of omega 3 and omega 6 fats, antioxidants and phytonutrients from fruits and vegetables, such as ? & ?-carotene, ?-cryptoxanthin, vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and other nutrients can aid in prevention of different types of cancers. This paper focuses on the role of nutrition in prevention of cancer and recurrence in those undergoing treatment for cancer. Cancer and Nutrition Introduction Cancer has always been a dreaded disease that I have ever come across in my life. There are many who have cancer and unfortunately, in many cases, it is because of ignoring some of the basic aspects of life such as good nutr ition. I have seen people suffer and die of this disease. My grandfather died of bone cancer and my mother has had thyroid cancer. Today, though there are easy methods of detecting and good treatments available, I believe that it is better to prevent cancer rather than look for treatments after having it. Over the years I have been keen to find natural methods to prevent cancer and nutrition is one of the prime subjects that I have come across. This paper highlights the importance of balanced nutrition in preventing cancer and also looks into the role of balanced nutrition in the recovery phase among the survivors of cancer. Hippocrates (460-377 BC) stated that â€Å"†¦.let food be your medicine and medicine be your food†. Today, after several centuries I would like to believe that what goes into the body as food mainly determines the health of a person. Though environment and other exposures may be reasons for a disease, a healthy person will be able to withstand advers e circumstances. Therefore, if nutrition has to take care of us, then what kind of nutrition is best for preventing diseases such as cancer? Researchers suggest that a plant based diet that includes fruits, vegetables, whole grains and legumes are the best for cancer prevention (Mahtani, 2010a, para. 1). It is estimated that about one third of all cancers are due to poor nutrition. The use of tobacco is another major reason for additional one third cancers and if these two factors are controlled many people can be protected from this dreaded disease. Understanding the basic fact that a healthy diet plan together with regular exercise, a check on the body weight and avoiding tobacco and alcohol are some of the most simple techniques to keep one healthy and free from cancer or at least lower the risk of cancer. A plant based diet is rich in chemicals known as phytonutrients. These are healthy nutrients that are very essential for the well being of individuals. Phytonutrients include v itamins, minerals, and other chemicals such as antioxidants necessary for the prevention of cancer. Researchers suggest that the intake of phytonutrients is directly linked with the prevention of cancer. It is important to consume variety of fruits and vegetables rather than the same set of fruits and vegetables on a day-to-day basis. This gives us the benefit of a variety of plant based nutrients maximizing the cancer fighting agents in the body (Mahtani, 2010a). Another important question to be answered is that how will nutrition help cancer survivors? Though there are many researchers who have studied the role of nutrition in prevention of cancers, very less research has gone into role of nutrition for cancer survivors. Today, there are an increasing number of researchers who are contributing to

Evaluation of the strategy of undertaken role-play Essay

Evaluation of the strategy of undertaken role-play - Essay Example As this was the first discipline after the company's introduction of Dignity at Work programme, utmost care was taken not to punish any employee without proper reason. The decision had to be made after considering the situation of such an incident, the character and the employment record of the accused. Role-play decided the existence of the employees in the company and their other increments. As a manager I had to make sure both the employees were given chance to express their opinion and the reason for such incident. The strategy of analyzing the employee's record was a commendable action, since it helped in analyzing the reason for the problem and also to know about the character of the employee. (Dubrin, 2008). The company has been supportive to its employees in all the situations and the decisions were made to suit the needs of the employees. This issue was handled by keeping in mind that it should not happen again. The strategy of examining the employee record helped in knowing that the employee's record is clear and he has not made such mistakes before. The major aim of the strategy was to make a decision depending on the employee's response. The strategy of the role-play was selected after analyzing the employee's future and the company's rules and regulations. The main idea of the strategy was to include the members from the human resource team. ... The strategy was planned in such a way that the employee was given a chance to explain the situation and to satisfy the members in the role-play. If he was found to be innocent the matter would be solved by simply interacting with both the employees. If the employee was found to be rude and does not accept his fault, the action has to be taken according to the discipline at work programme. As a manager I had to ensure that the discipline at work programme and its rules had to be maintained. In any case the company's policies had to be respected and the employees had to be treated according to the company's norms. The strategy included the interaction in the discipline interview. Since the decision was based on the employee's behavior at the time of the interview, the management did not have any idea how to resolve the issue. The interview was conducted according to the planned strategy. The planned strategy included the analyzing of employee's behavior and his approach towards the management's intervention with this problem. The interview was held with the employees, a union member and the important people of the management. According to the strategy, the interaction started with John explaining the reason for such behavior. During the interview the management was able to find that Norman had already been rude to John and this was an outcome of the torture that John experienced for a couple of months. The strategy was planned in such a way that the employees had to interact with the management and explain the reason for the incident.(Dubrin, 2008). The strategy of permitting John to accept his mistake and apologize was a sensible idea, as this will help in resolving the issue immediately. Another important aspect of the strategy was to take

A Reflection on Dads Old Cottage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A Reflection on Dads Old Cottage - Essay Example The few daffodils at the entrance smile at me. The leaves and the remaining trees, as well as everything in the surrounding, would have probably loved to be heard as to the events that have often taken place. At the same time, I felt it was also the time for everything in the surrounding to listen to me pour out the nostalgic feelings that filled me; how just the other day we lived in the structure with dad, mommy and my sisters and how things have changed beyond the point of no return. At the door, I am welcome by the woodpecker, which takes a flight. As the door opens, it seems to it cannot mince the joy of meeting one of its masters again, as evidenced by the production of screech sounds by the hinges. As I get in, I find the building inclusions smiling at me. The pictures on the wall, the furniture, the falling ceiling seem to be saying ‘son, welcome back. We have never missed you’. It is a place that one would love to stay in. I take a walk around to explore the ful l feelings. I rediscover the other part of this world. I discern that the structure stands isolated at the end of the ranch. The structure is now old seems to be on the final stages of its life. By looking at the structure, one can derive a lot of unpleasant memories. The remaining trees and few stumps do not seem to be moved by the unfolding events. As walk, my feet interact with the dried leaves that seem to give unwelcoming sound. Even the few daffodils at the entrance can only be described as lonely and displaced. The woodpecker has taken over the cottage door and takes a scary flight. As I open the door, it is apparent the hinges were hardly prepared to see me again. As I come to face with what is in the building, everything, including the pictures on the wall, the furniture and the falling ceiling seem to be lamenting on why I had forsaken them. The only smell is that of the decomposing woods and memories.

How Photographic Depictions of Children have Changed

How Photographic Depictions of Children have Changed Jade Leslie With reference to the work of Higonnet and Holland, show how photographic depictions of children have changed over the last century. What are the strengths of photography as a medium for capturing the essence of childhood? Intro Photographic images provide us with a snapshot of the past and present, they hold past moment’s static for us to view even though they no longer exist. They provide us with visions of places and people we may never meet and fantasies, they are powerful for their seeming reality. Photography offers both reality and illusion. Photographs brings visual delight â€Å"†¦about the dream of childhood and its persistent nightmare† (Holland, 1992: 8). According to Higonnet (1998; 7) â€Å"pictures of children are†¦. the most sacred and the most controversial images of our time†. While they protect the ideal of childhood innocence images can also potential damage this ideal. Imagery is a vital part of social meaning they continuously provide viewers to new versions on subjects such as childhood (Holland, 2004). In this essay I will look at how imagery of children have changed in the last century, focusing on the debates of how innocence and sexuality and the changes and sim Image 1 Millais Cherry Ripe (1879) Julia Margaret Cameron Image 2 ‘I wait’ (1872) http://media.kunst-fuer-alle.de/img/36/g/36_67418~_sir-john-everett-millais_cherry-ripe,-1879.jpg http://thevictorianist.blogspot.co.uk/2010/10/julia-margaret-cameron.html All visual images of childhood innocence was invented and refined by paintings and illustrations from the 18th century to the early 20th century (Higonnet, 1998; 78). They were then transferred into photography. Paintings and illustrations of children allow us to really see perfect innocence, however photographs does this more convincingly (Higonnet, 1998; 86). The notion of the romantic childhood spread into popular painting such as Image 1 by Sir Everett Millais which has since been reprinted and used in advertisements of soap, during the time of production this was associated with cleanliness and purity (Holland, 2004). I included this image as I feel it is important to see how elements of earlier paintings are used in contemporary images of children. In Cherry Ripe the young girl is dressed in typical romantic children’s clothing which has been related to innocence (Higonnet, 1998; 51). All romantic children wear costumes and have connections with nature just like we see i n Cherry Ripe where the painting is set outdoors surrounding by nature and fruit. Julia Margaret Cameron ‘I wait’ displays angelic innocence depicted in early photography. Childhood innocence was viewed as sacred, pure and children are dressed in costumes of angels or cherubs to visualise this notion. Anne Geddes Image 3Image 4Image 5 http://villagewitchblog.files.wordpress.com/2013/10/68079-anne-geddes-baby-wallpapers-prints-desktop-wallpaper.jpg http://www.angusrobertson.com.au/calendar/betsy-cameron-angels/13600025/ We see a continuation of these themes in photographs by Anne Geddes. Her images represent a modern take of today’s idea of childhood innocence (image 3, 4 and 5). These images are what we commonly see on calendars and greeting cards. In these images the children are dressed in costumes, wearing angel wings, dressed in white and have connections with nature. They represent childhood as being pure, vulnerable, close to nature and precious to be nurtured and loved. Just as we see in images 1 and 2 they represent the idyllic childhood and unspoiled innocence. According to Higonnet (1998; 78) â€Å"†¦Geddes make children’s bodies unreal and belong to an unreal world†. Digital photography and new technology has allowed this and images now have no limitations. The children in Geddes images have a magical feel the children seem unreal without making them enticing or available. Higonnet (1998; 78) states that successful commercial images like this make the children s eem there and yet not there. Geddes photographs draw on childhood innocence just as earlier depictions of childhood by Julia Margaret Cameron (image 2) and paintings by Millais’s Cherry Ripe (1879 image 1) as they have similar themes in representing children as sacred in white clothing or dressed as angels and having connections with nature. Many of today’s commercial photographs of children have the same characteristics of those from the 19th century where children are dressed up or are angels, cherubs, fairies and miniature adults They remain similar with their â€Å"†¦romantic precedents†, centred on making children’s bodies look innocent (Higonnet, 1998; 76). They all conform to visual expectations of childhood. â€Å"They show us what we want childhood to be† (Higonnet, 1998; 86), if images go against this idealised romantic notion of children being fragile, innocence and pure it causes discomfort to viewer’s convention of childhood and causes controversy. The early 19th century photographs of cherub and angelic children continues to carry a powerful visual reference as the quintessence of childhood (Holland, 2004; 9). During the late 1980’s Sally Mann began to challenge the earlier ideas of the romantic childhood. Mann used her own children to represent her version of childhood. She captured their most vulnerable and natural moments, many of these photos contained them in the nude or semi-nude. Mann’s pictures displayed childhood in a natural form not the idealised versions from early images. Image 6 â€Å"Candy Cigarette† Sally Mann (1989)Image 7 â€Å"Jessie at five† Sally Mann (1987) http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/features/art-or-abuse-a-lament-for-lost-innocence-2078397.html http://lamblegs.wordpress.com/2010/05/25/sally-manns-immediate-family/ Image 6 and 7 captures how the children innocently play using simple props such as jewellery and candy cigarettes. On first glance this appears to be innocent however, they can also be a threat to the children in the form of potential sexuality. In image 6 Mann’s daughter balances a candy cigarette in her hand and resembles how an adult would hold it. Her facial expression, posture and the way her hair is parted on the side makes her look older than her years. The background of the photo is dark making Jessie stand out drawing you to focus directly at her. This picture has caused controversy due to the children mimicking adults and smoking. Children do mimic adults in their play. She is not smoking a real cigarette she is pretending. I feel this image displays how children are losing their innocence why also being innocent young girls enjoy trying out adult roles in their play scenarios (Holland, 2004) and are influenced by what they see in their daily lives. This image reflect the reality of how society affects children, they are copying actions what they see through media and their daily lives and are applying it to their play. In image 7 Jessie at five the central girl snakes outwards highlighting her naked torso, her pose has a sexual tone, she lures at the viewer, her shoulders are placed in an inviting way to show off her bare chest as if she is inviting you to go to her. She wears a pearl necklace, is made up with lipstick this makes her look like she is in her teens, or modelling for a fashion magazine. This conveys â€Å"†¦ conflicting messages of childhood innocence and adult sexuality† (Higonnet, 1998; 195), if you were unable to see her pre-pubescent body people could be easily confused to thinking she was older. Due to the posture and lack of clothing of Jessie, it suggests it could be sexually intended rather than children simply playing dress up. Jessie contrasts the two other girls pictured dressed in traditional clothing of childhood innocence. I feel that Mann’s work displays more realistic images of childhood than earlier images, children are not always angels and pure as suggest in the 19th century. Children enjoy experimenting playing adult roles and these images capture children doing precisely this. Mann’s work remains a subject of controversy due to the nude and provocative images of her children which aroused great critical debate as it challenged the romanticised essence of childhood (Scally, 2012). It has also been suggested that Mann is sexualising her own children putting them at risk of sexual exploitation. According to Zurbriggen et al (2003) Mann’s images make young children vulnerable. Savage (2011; 109) argues that Mann’s images has â€Å"†¦the ability to unnerve, to represent without apology, and to suggest the sensuality on childhood play and, perhaps inadvertently shatter the myth of innocence†. Supporter of Mann’s work argue that any sexual thoughts that arise from these images are a â€Å"†¦result of less-than-innocent readings† (Savage, 2011; 107). Mann has defended herself, stating that her work is natural through the eyes of a mother, since she has seen her children in every state: happy, sad, playful, sick, bloodied, angry and even naked. (Independent, 2010). According to Higonnet (1998; 203) Mann’s pictures upset cherished conventions of idyllic childhood. These images do not conform to the idealistic view of childhood they create discomfort as the go against social norms and unsettle traditional representations of childhood (Miller, 2005). In my opinion these two images. Something about child abuse. During the 1980’s childhood was under attack and was being pushed into adulthood by the mass media (Elkind, 1981; Postman, 1982). Many academics note that this was a time when childhood as we once knew it was lost. Postman (1983) argues that television and the use of children in advertising of clothing and adult products has influenced the disappearance of childhood as there has been a tendency to advertise children wearing clothing which resemble adult fashion, this is seen in image ? and ? Reference in hendrick chapter 2. Young girls have been increasing targeted by advertisements and it has been suggested it encouraged young girls to grow up too quickly and become sexually promiscuous (Linn, 2004; Schol, 2004). Boulton (2007) states that advertisements depict the child model as a ‘nascent adult’ Images ? and ? display the current culture of childhood depictions which have become increasing more sexualised. Popular images of little girls as alluring and seductive at once innocent and highly erotic are contained in the most respectable and mundane of locations, broadsheets, women’s magazines and television adverts. http://innewyorkparistomorrow.blogspot.co.uk/2011_01_01_archive.html http://live.drjays.com/index.php/2011/01/06/has-french-vogue-taken-child-models-too-far/ Images ? is from a French edition of Vogue magazine. The young model is photographed high heels, lots of jewellery and heavy makeup. She is placed upon leopard skin. She is dressed in adults clothes her pose is confident and serious she is not smiling. According to Boulton (2007) this is a sign of dominance, when children mimic this powerful look they convey a sense of adult-like self- awareness often associated with precocious sexuality. The most worrying part of this image in the title â€Å"Cadeaux† which is the French word for gifts, suggesting the model is a gift. Images like this with suggestive words have dangerous potential to exploit childhood by introducing adult sexuality into childhood innocence (Walkerdine, 1996; 326). What is seen as a fantasy for a young girl playing dress up can easily been transformed into a different fantasy for predatory adult men (Holland, 2004; 188). Children are increasingly subjected to social and economic forces that exploit them throug h the dynamics of sexualisation, commodification and commercialisation (Giroux, 2000; 44). Their innocence can often mask the sexualisation. The image of childhood innocence is now in jeopardy not just because it is being violated but because it was seriously flawed all along. The ideal of the child as object of adoration has turned too easily into the concept of the child as object and then into the marketing of the child as commodity (Direct quote, Hig, pg 194). Innocence feeds into enticing images of childlike purity as it simultaneously sexualises and markets such images (g, 60). Conclusion The image of childhood which was created in the 18th century has changed and has been replaced with new ideas and ways to picture childhood (Higonnet, 1998). Photographs have the ability to provide visual realism to a The notion of the disappearing child and the myth of childhood innocence often mirror and support each other. Within the myth of innocence children are often portrayed as inhabiting a world that is untainted, magical and utterly protected from the harshness of adult life (Giroux, 2000; 39). Innocence in this instance makes children invisible except as projections of adult fantasies (40). Bib Holland, P (1992) What is a Child? Popular Images of Childhood, London: Virago Press Miller, Andrea. Portrait of Family Values: Transgressions and Controversy in the Work of Sally Mann. Scally, P. (2012). In Context. Ethics and Visual Representation http://fir.ferris.edu:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/2323/2498/Phil_Scally_Ethics_2012.pdf?sequence=1 (accessed 15/04/14) Art or abuse?: A lament for lost innocence http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/features/art-or-abuse-a-lament-for-lost-innocence-2078397.html Tuesday 14 September 2010

Postmodernism Essay -- Art History

Postmodernism Postmodernism blends old themes with new contemporary issues to create beautiful artwork that commands, questions, and captivates all viewers to participate in discovering its inner meaning. Along with an inner meaning and beauty, it was used as a form of communication that was directed towards social, political, and cultural problems within the world. An architect Robert Stern states, â€Å" The fundamental shift to post-modernism has to do with the reawakening of artists in every field to public responsibilities of art. Once again art is being regarded as an act of communication.† (Wilkin, Schultz, Linduff, â€Å"Art Past Art Present, p.579) The postmodern era emancipated its artists from old traditional barriers that bounded them. The belief that everything could be used to produce art was used to the fullest. For instance, mediums like photography, computer animations, and movies. Even non-precise metals like steel, aluminum, and iron were used along side w ith gold and silver. Technology was a great medium that was also utilized, as newer and improved technology was developed some one would utilize it to immortalize his/her artwork. One of the well-known artists of the postmodern era was Jean-Pierre Yvaral. Jean utilized technology called digital imaging to manipulate pictures and transform them into his own creative art pieces. A well-known publicized piece Jean created was called â€Å"Mona Lisa Synthetisee.† (Fiero 4th Edition â€Å"The Humanistic Tradition† p.159) Blending the old with a twist of the new, Jean took the Mona Lisa, which was created by Leonardo da Vinci and cropped out only her head and digitized it to produce a perspective like image. This image had four sides, right and left, top and bo... ...sm era produced many more than two fine artists that have been depicted here in this essay. There is one thing that all of them have in common though, each and every piece of work they produce has similar qualities. They all communicate a message that handles social, political, and cultural problems. How they communicate their message is solely up to the artist, because they are not bound by limitations, but there own creativity. As for the next movement it too will be filled with influences of the postmodern era as the influences of previous movements have influence postmodernism. Bibliography 1. Fiero, Gloria K. â€Å"The Humanistic Tradition,† 4th Edition, published by McGraw-Hill  © 2002 2. Wilkins, David G., Schultz Bernard, Linduff, Katheryn M. â€Å"Art Past Art Present,† 3rd Edition, published by Prentice Hall, Inc and Harry N. Abrams, Inc.  © 1997

Keynesian vs Monetarist Economy

Economics for Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure Keynesians versus Monetarists Faculty responsible: J. Heller Ismail EL HASSANI Humanity has known in its history long periods of growth with the Agrarian Revolution, the Industrial Revolution, the Oil era and now the Information’s one. From the last period of sustained growth is born the myth of continuous and eternal growth. However, the scarcity of natural resources and the awareness of the negative effects of economic activities suggest that humanity may live a long period of stagnation. In fact, it has already experienced long periods of recession.That is the reason why we should prepare ourselves to sustain growth rather than calling it as our ancestors called rain. In order to achieve this goal, we can follow different economic philosophies such as Keynesianism or Monetarist economies. In this work, we will focus more on Keynesianism. Firstly, we will discover the history of this theory and then define it. In addition, we wi ll analyse and describe all the components of this theory. Finally, we will be comparing the two approaches to demonstrate that Keynesianism is much more effective and brings more advantages than Monetarists.John Maynard Keynes was born in England in 1883 until his death in April 1946. Keynes was certainly the greatest economist of the twentieth century (Clark, 2008). Even today he returns often in the foreground: the known subprime financial crisis in late 2009 led a great business newspaper to elect him â€Å"Man of the Year† (Diever, 2010). Keynes’ thinking was very different from the others, this is the main reason his thoughts were terribly combated by anti-Keynesian. However it is still standing until our day while periods of economic crisis have put his theory in the spotlight again (Diever, 2010).Because it was not only an economist but also a philosopher, mathematician, man of letters, arts and culture, John Maynard Keynes was able to equal in the previous cen tury Karl Marx, Francois Quesnay in the eighteenth or William Petty in the seventeenth. He managed to dominate the economics of his time, knead it, model it, then transformed and enhanced it in the hands of the generations following. He has been for a long time in the protective shadow of Alfred Marshall, the great apostle of market equilibrium; But once out of the traditional ideologies, he runs through his own path with an impressive force.He wrote the book known as â€Å"The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money†, which was published in London in 1936. It is the main work of John Maynard Keynes , The General Theory which contain 24 chapters is primarily a theory of employment. It was very well received in 1936 because it offered a plausible solution to the distressing problem of unemployment (unemployment rate of over 10% in Britain) . The general theory aims to present the operation of the economic system as a whole (also called economic circuit).We can then sa y that Keynes theory is in a macro-economic level (Pettinger , 2008). The principle of his economic approach was based on a logic and circular flow of money; when the expenses increase, revenues increase as well, which will lead to more spending that will result once again for more income. This flow of money is simple to understand, and to Keynes, the key is to spend. Indeed, each person spending causes the benefit of another person; and the person who perceived the money will in her turn spend it, which will go towards the benefit of a third person, and so on †¦After the first signs of the Great Depression in 1929, the nature of people have led them amass their money and let him sleep for fear of being in need. This has lead to a decrease in spending and hence lower flow circulation. In doing so, we maintain the economy at a standstill and depression bursts. Following Keynes’ theory, in order to overcome a critical economic situation, it is necessary for the government to intervene. In fact, his theory advocates of government financial interventions by increasing the money supply or investing in the country (Pettinger , 2008).But unfortunately, during the Great Depression, it was not one of the most popular solutions. Keynes thought about involving the government is very different from the popular economic thought, which preceded it. Basically, Keynesianism is against the practice of excessive savings and not enough spending or consumption in an economy. Today people who are saying they are Keynesians are more or less those who are in favour of the state intervening in the economy while monetarists’ aim set on providing stability to the system by controlling the money supply (DeNardo, 2008).On one hand, Keynes provoked a revolution in economic. His theory became to be very positively received, because it could explain why during the economy of the Great Recession there was still unemployment; a fact that a basic economy could not explain. I t is in this context that Keynes became very popular. In fact, previously in economics the classical argument would have been: while facing economic condition, the salary will drop as well as the cost of work, and people will automatically get employed again. On the other hand, there are two types of Keynesians: fiscal Keynesians and monetarist Keynesians.We believe that fiscal Keynesians are more close to the idea of Keynes, which explain that in a period of a downturn in a recession, the State can take over the investment function by investing itself like an entrepreneur (Jeremy, 2011). The most recent example of such a Keynesian approach to the economy will be the State plans of china during 2008 downturn, in which the State has really employed a lot of people to build bridges airports, roads etc†¦ However, to be effective, the state intervention should not create more risks for the economy than it provokes benefits by employing more people.Meaning that a State, which is alr eady in debt, will not be advised to use such an approach. It will create such a negative outlook for the fiscal side of the economy (Pettinger , 2008). Then the individual local entrepreneurs would stop any investments for their businesses and would definitely not invest on new projects. Indeed, the drawbacks of going more into debt to make the State an employer can very easily out ways the benefits of employing more people in a downturn (Jeremy, 2011). In Western Europe for example, they have lost this capacity of applying this type of Keynesian approach.Most of them have more than 80 % of debt in GDP and already facing a lot of dangers in the financial market (Gerald , 2009). Nevertheless, The monetarist Keynesians type is a useful way to use Keynes theory without government spending; they have lost the fiscal ability to intervene. In fact, this type of approach calls the use of the Central Banks or the Federal Reserve (U. S. A) to buy treasury bunds from the government and print more money to increase the activity. Completely at the opposite Spectrum of Keynesians who wants to intervene within an economy, these are called monetarists.They believe that money is neutral, meaning that it is not because you double the amount of money in an economy that you will be producing more (Cowen, 2012). Each unit of money that you are doubled will be worth for the economy by creating the phenomenon of inflation. Thus the role of authorities is very reduced. Friedman, who is the leader of this ideology, will be advocating the stable growth in the money supply, which means that the Central Banks have to maintain a regular rate (Cowen, 2012). However, we found that Friedman’s assumption is false. First, Professor M.Friedman is most famous for the following equation: MV =PT; where M equal Money, V was representative of the Volacity, P equal Prices and T represented Transactions (DeNardo, 2008). Most people think that this formula was his contribution to the monetary theory and he was very famous for this. However, during our research we discovered that many economics before Friedman used this formula. In addition to that, following his monetary theory, it is possible to control the money supply so that you can affect the performance of the economy; that the instability in the money supply is responsible for recessions and depressions.Today, the events of the 2008 recession have proven that Friedman’s assumption of controlling the money supply is a false one. Indeed, we all know that bank lending is the key to money supply. However, nowadays the banks do not trust each other, and they refuse to lend to each other. Without lending, this is clear that the money supply will decrease indefinitely. The principal consequences of this approach will be the reduction of velocity of money as people do fewer transactions.This decrease in velocity and money supply will lead consumers to do fewer purchases and businessmen fewer investments. It was pro ven in the 1930s in America, which was called liquidity trap. To conclude, we can say that both economies have their advantages and disadvantages. However, the Keynesian one seems more applicable nowadays in some countries in order to overcome this recession and sustain a growth. Few decades before, it was said that most economic theories, including Monetarists, were preaching individualism, competition and non-intervention of the State.The sovereign functions (Police, Army, Justice), the construction of public edifices, the respect of competition’s rules were their principal matters at that time. The historical reality is however different: back in the days during the Industrial Revolution, the State intervened in many countries to ensure the â€Å"takeoff† of their economy. In France, the State intervened in the development of railways and agriculture (tariffs Meline 1896). England adopted the Act Enclosures for agricultural land. The U. S. intervened in the developm ent of the railway.Germany established protectionist measures with Frederic List (1789-1846). Finally in Japan, during the Meiji era (1868), the State created the first companies in order to sell them to families after, â€Å"Zaibatsus† (Gerald , 2009). Moreover, after the crisis of 1929, the New Deal was an important ideological impact in the United States with a significant change in the conception of the role of the state: the state becomes interventionnist. (Gerald , 2009) We can consider that Keynesians’ believes and thoughts were always adopted in some of the rude moments of our economic history.Despite some difficulties, it have always brought positive results to the evolution of the economy; and we all remember John Maynard Keynes as the most remarkable economists of the history. As far as we are concerned, we strongly believe that the Keynesian theory, depiste its disadvantages, brings more benefits to the society and to people’s lives. After his death, Keynes’ ideas were preached by his disciples; the mistake was to carry on the same methods during the post war situation and not try to adapt these methods in order to meat with the current circumstances and avoid another recession.REFERENCES  : Gerald, M. (2009, 04 27). Les politiques economiques. Retrieved from http://www. skyminds. net/economie-et-sociologie/la-regulation-des-activites-sociales/les-politiques-economiques/ Clark, J. M. (2008, 12 09). John maynard keynes. Retrieved from http://www. newworldencyclopedia. org/entry/John_Maynard_Keynes DeNardo, G. (2008, 12 07). Mv=pt a classic equation and monetary policy. Retrieved from http://www. nolanchart. com/article5583-mvpt-a-classic-equation-and-monetary-policy. tml Cowen, T. (2012, 07 30). Business cycles explained: Monetarist theory. Retrieved from http://learnliberty. org/videos/business-cycles-explained-monetarist-theory Pettinger , T. (2008, 12 30). Keynesianism vs monetarism. Retrieved from http://www. econom icshelp. org/blog/1113/concepts/keynesianism-vs-monetarism/ Diever, M. (2010). Les principaux courants de pensee economique. Retrieved from http://www. oeconomia. net/private/cours/economiegenerale/CAPET/01. theorieseconomiques. pdf Keynesian vs Monetarist Economy Economics for Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure Keynesians versus Monetarists Faculty responsible: J. Heller Ismail EL HASSANI Humanity has known in its history long periods of growth with the Agrarian Revolution, the Industrial Revolution, the Oil era and now the Information’s one. From the last period of sustained growth is born the myth of continuous and eternal growth. However, the scarcity of natural resources and the awareness of the negative effects of economic activities suggest that humanity may live a long period of stagnation. In fact, it has already experienced long periods of recession.That is the reason why we should prepare ourselves to sustain growth rather than calling it as our ancestors called rain. In order to achieve this goal, we can follow different economic philosophies such as Keynesianism or Monetarist economies. In this work, we will focus more on Keynesianism. Firstly, we will discover the history of this theory and then define it. In addition, we wi ll analyse and describe all the components of this theory. Finally, we will be comparing the two approaches to demonstrate that Keynesianism is much more effective and brings more advantages than Monetarists.John Maynard Keynes was born in England in 1883 until his death in April 1946. Keynes was certainly the greatest economist of the twentieth century (Clark, 2008). Even today he returns often in the foreground: the known subprime financial crisis in late 2009 led a great business newspaper to elect him â€Å"Man of the Year† (Diever, 2010). Keynes’ thinking was very different from the others, this is the main reason his thoughts were terribly combated by anti-Keynesian. However it is still standing until our day while periods of economic crisis have put his theory in the spotlight again (Diever, 2010).Because it was not only an economist but also a philosopher, mathematician, man of letters, arts and culture, John Maynard Keynes was able to equal in the previous cen tury Karl Marx, Francois Quesnay in the eighteenth or William Petty in the seventeenth. He managed to dominate the economics of his time, knead it, model it, then transformed and enhanced it in the hands of the generations following. He has been for a long time in the protective shadow of Alfred Marshall, the great apostle of market equilibrium; But once out of the traditional ideologies, he runs through his own path with an impressive force.He wrote the book known as â€Å"The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money†, which was published in London in 1936. It is the main work of John Maynard Keynes , The General Theory which contain 24 chapters is primarily a theory of employment. It was very well received in 1936 because it offered a plausible solution to the distressing problem of unemployment (unemployment rate of over 10% in Britain) . The general theory aims to present the operation of the economic system as a whole (also called economic circuit).We can then sa y that Keynes theory is in a macro-economic level (Pettinger , 2008). The principle of his economic approach was based on a logic and circular flow of money; when the expenses increase, revenues increase as well, which will lead to more spending that will result once again for more income. This flow of money is simple to understand, and to Keynes, the key is to spend. Indeed, each person spending causes the benefit of another person; and the person who perceived the money will in her turn spend it, which will go towards the benefit of a third person, and so on †¦After the first signs of the Great Depression in 1929, the nature of people have led them amass their money and let him sleep for fear of being in need. This has lead to a decrease in spending and hence lower flow circulation. In doing so, we maintain the economy at a standstill and depression bursts. Following Keynes’ theory, in order to overcome a critical economic situation, it is necessary for the government to intervene. In fact, his theory advocates of government financial interventions by increasing the money supply or investing in the country (Pettinger , 2008).But unfortunately, during the Great Depression, it was not one of the most popular solutions. Keynes thought about involving the government is very different from the popular economic thought, which preceded it. Basically, Keynesianism is against the practice of excessive savings and not enough spending or consumption in an economy. Today people who are saying they are Keynesians are more or less those who are in favour of the state intervening in the economy while monetarists’ aim set on providing stability to the system by controlling the money supply (DeNardo, 2008).On one hand, Keynes provoked a revolution in economic. His theory became to be very positively received, because it could explain why during the economy of the Great Recession there was still unemployment; a fact that a basic economy could not explain. I t is in this context that Keynes became very popular. In fact, previously in economics the classical argument would have been: while facing economic condition, the salary will drop as well as the cost of work, and people will automatically get employed again. On the other hand, there are two types of Keynesians: fiscal Keynesians and monetarist Keynesians.We believe that fiscal Keynesians are more close to the idea of Keynes, which explain that in a period of a downturn in a recession, the State can take over the investment function by investing itself like an entrepreneur (Jeremy, 2011). The most recent example of such a Keynesian approach to the economy will be the State plans of china during 2008 downturn, in which the State has really employed a lot of people to build bridges airports, roads etc†¦ However, to be effective, the state intervention should not create more risks for the economy than it provokes benefits by employing more people.Meaning that a State, which is alr eady in debt, will not be advised to use such an approach. It will create such a negative outlook for the fiscal side of the economy (Pettinger , 2008). Then the individual local entrepreneurs would stop any investments for their businesses and would definitely not invest on new projects. Indeed, the drawbacks of going more into debt to make the State an employer can very easily out ways the benefits of employing more people in a downturn (Jeremy, 2011). In Western Europe for example, they have lost this capacity of applying this type of Keynesian approach.Most of them have more than 80 % of debt in GDP and already facing a lot of dangers in the financial market (Gerald , 2009). Nevertheless, The monetarist Keynesians type is a useful way to use Keynes theory without government spending; they have lost the fiscal ability to intervene. In fact, this type of approach calls the use of the Central Banks or the Federal Reserve (U. S. A) to buy treasury bunds from the government and print more money to increase the activity. Completely at the opposite Spectrum of Keynesians who wants to intervene within an economy, these are called monetarists.They believe that money is neutral, meaning that it is not because you double the amount of money in an economy that you will be producing more (Cowen, 2012). Each unit of money that you are doubled will be worth for the economy by creating the phenomenon of inflation. Thus the role of authorities is very reduced. Friedman, who is the leader of this ideology, will be advocating the stable growth in the money supply, which means that the Central Banks have to maintain a regular rate (Cowen, 2012). However, we found that Friedman’s assumption is false. First, Professor M.Friedman is most famous for the following equation: MV =PT; where M equal Money, V was representative of the Volacity, P equal Prices and T represented Transactions (DeNardo, 2008). Most people think that this formula was his contribution to the monetary theory and he was very famous for this. However, during our research we discovered that many economics before Friedman used this formula. In addition to that, following his monetary theory, it is possible to control the money supply so that you can affect the performance of the economy; that the instability in the money supply is responsible for recessions and depressions.Today, the events of the 2008 recession have proven that Friedman’s assumption of controlling the money supply is a false one. Indeed, we all know that bank lending is the key to money supply. However, nowadays the banks do not trust each other, and they refuse to lend to each other. Without lending, this is clear that the money supply will decrease indefinitely. The principal consequences of this approach will be the reduction of velocity of money as people do fewer transactions.This decrease in velocity and money supply will lead consumers to do fewer purchases and businessmen fewer investments. It was pro ven in the 1930s in America, which was called liquidity trap. To conclude, we can say that both economies have their advantages and disadvantages. However, the Keynesian one seems more applicable nowadays in some countries in order to overcome this recession and sustain a growth. Few decades before, it was said that most economic theories, including Monetarists, were preaching individualism, competition and non-intervention of the State.The sovereign functions (Police, Army, Justice), the construction of public edifices, the respect of competition’s rules were their principal matters at that time. The historical reality is however different: back in the days during the Industrial Revolution, the State intervened in many countries to ensure the â€Å"takeoff† of their economy. In France, the State intervened in the development of railways and agriculture (tariffs Meline 1896). England adopted the Act Enclosures for agricultural land. The U. S. intervened in the developm ent of the railway.Germany established protectionist measures with Frederic List (1789-1846). Finally in Japan, during the Meiji era (1868), the State created the first companies in order to sell them to families after, â€Å"Zaibatsus† (Gerald , 2009). Moreover, after the crisis of 1929, the New Deal was an important ideological impact in the United States with a significant change in the conception of the role of the state: the state becomes interventionnist. (Gerald , 2009) We can consider that Keynesians’ believes and thoughts were always adopted in some of the rude moments of our economic history.Despite some difficulties, it have always brought positive results to the evolution of the economy; and we all remember John Maynard Keynes as the most remarkable economists of the history. As far as we are concerned, we strongly believe that the Keynesian theory, depiste its disadvantages, brings more benefits to the society and to people’s lives. After his death, Keynes’ ideas were preached by his disciples; the mistake was to carry on the same methods during the post war situation and not try to adapt these methods in order to meat with the current circumstances and avoid another recession.REFERENCES  : Gerald, M. (2009, 04 27). Les politiques economiques. Retrieved from http://www. skyminds. net/economie-et-sociologie/la-regulation-des-activites-sociales/les-politiques-economiques/ Clark, J. M. (2008, 12 09). John maynard keynes. Retrieved from http://www. newworldencyclopedia. org/entry/John_Maynard_Keynes DeNardo, G. (2008, 12 07). Mv=pt a classic equation and monetary policy. Retrieved from http://www. nolanchart. com/article5583-mvpt-a-classic-equation-and-monetary-policy. tml Cowen, T. (2012, 07 30). Business cycles explained: Monetarist theory. Retrieved from http://learnliberty. org/videos/business-cycles-explained-monetarist-theory Pettinger , T. (2008, 12 30). Keynesianism vs monetarism. Retrieved from http://www. econom icshelp. org/blog/1113/concepts/keynesianism-vs-monetarism/ Diever, M. (2010). Les principaux courants de pensee economique. Retrieved from http://www. oeconomia. net/private/cours/economiegenerale/CAPET/01. theorieseconomiques. pdf